Abstract Background The physician assistant (PA) and the nurse practitioner (NP) were introduced into The Netherlands in 2001 and 1997 respectively.By the second decade, national policies had accelerated the acceptance and development of these professions.Since 2015, the PA and NP have full practice authority as independent health professionals.The
Tobacco smoke-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with high healthcare burden and mortality rates.Many COPD patients were reported to have muscle atrophy and weakness, with several studies suggesting intrinsic muscle mitochondrial impairment as a possible driver of this phenotype.Whereas much informa
One of the most important general principles established by the administrative judiciary is that administrative decisions cannot be applied retroactively, which constitutes one of the requirements of legality.However, recently the Algerian State Council and the constitutional founder had a new position represented in explicit recognition the arm tr